一、核心微生物技術(shù)

1、 Core Microbial Technology

1. 功能微生物篩選與培育

1. Screening and cultivation of functional microorganisms

優(yōu)勢(shì)菌種：

Advantageous bacterial species:

硫氧化菌（如硫桿菌屬Thiobacillus、硫化葉菌屬Sulfolobus）：氧化硫化氫（H?S）、單質(zhì)硫（S?）、硫代硫酸鹽（S?O?2?）等，生成硫酸（H?SO?）。

Sulfur oxidizing bacteria (such as Thiobacillus and Sulfolobus) oxidize hydrogen sulfide (H ? S), elemental sulfur (S ?), thiosulfate (S ? O ∝ 2 ?), etc. to produce sulfuric acid (H ? SO ?).

有機(jī)硫降解菌（如假單胞菌屬Pseudomonas、紅球菌屬Rhodococcus）：分解含硫有機(jī)物（如二苯并噻吩 DBT、硫醇、硫醚），通過(guò) C-S 鍵斷裂實(shí)現(xiàn)脫硫。

Organic sulfur degrading bacteria (such as Pseudomonas and Rhodococcus): decompose sulfur-containing organic compounds (such as dibenzothiophene DBT, thiols, and thioethers) and achieve desulfurization through C-S bond cleavage.

基因工程改良：通過(guò)基因編輯（如 CRISPR 技術(shù)）增強(qiáng)菌種耐受性（耐高溫、高鹽、毒性底物）和脫硫效率，例如提高關(guān)鍵酶（如 DBT 單加氧酶）的表達(dá)量。

Genetic engineering improvement: Enhancing bacterial tolerance (high temperature, high salt, toxic substrates) and desulfurization efficiency through gene editing (such as CRISPR technology), such as increasing the expression level of key enzymes (such as DBT monooxygenase).

2. 微生物代謝途徑

2. Microbial metabolic pathways

直接脫硫：微生物直接作用于硫原子，如將 DBT 轉(zhuǎn)化為 2 - 羥基聯(lián)苯（HBP），硫以硫酸鹽形式釋放。

Direct desulfurization: Microorganisms directly act on sulfur atoms, such as converting DBT into 2-hydroxybiphenyl (HBP), and sulfur is released in the form of sulfate.

間接脫硫：微生物代謝產(chǎn)生酸性物質(zhì)（如硫酸）或氧化劑（如 Fe3?），間接氧化硫化物，常見(jiàn)于煤炭脫硫的Fe3?- 微生物耦合體系。

Indirect desulfurization: Microbial metabolism produces acidic substances (such as sulfuric acid) or oxidants (such as Fe 3 ?), indirectly oxidizing sulfides, commonly found in the Fe 3 ? - microbial coupling system of coal desulfurization.

二、關(guān)鍵工藝技術(shù)

2、 Key process technology

1. 廢氣生物脫硫工藝

1. Biological desulfurization process for exhaust gas

生物濾池（Biofilter）：

Biofilter:

適用場(chǎng)景：低濃度、易溶于水的 H?S 廢氣（如污水處理廠、垃圾填埋場(chǎng)）。

Applicable scenarios: Low concentration, water-soluble H ? S waste gas (such as sewage treatment plants, landfills).

原理：廢氣通過(guò)填充微生物載體（如木屑、活性炭）的濾床，H?S 被微生物氧化為硫酸，載體需定期噴淋營(yíng)養(yǎng)液維持活性。

Principle: The exhaust gas passes through a filter bed filled with microbial carriers (such as sawdust and activated carbon), and H ? S is oxidized to sulfuric acid by microorganisms. The carrier needs to be regularly sprayed with nutrient solution to maintain its activity.

生物滴濾塔（Biotrickling Filter）：

Biotickling Filter:

適用場(chǎng)景：高濃度、負(fù)荷波動(dòng)大的廢氣（如石油化工尾氣）。

Applicable scenarios: high concentration and high load fluctuation exhaust gases (such as petrochemical tail gas).

特點(diǎn)：液相循環(huán)噴淋，可調(diào)節(jié) pH 和營(yíng)養(yǎng)，處理效率穩(wěn)定（H?S 去除率＞95%），如德國(guó) BASF 的 Biothane 技術(shù)。

Features: Liquid phase circulating spray, adjustable pH and nutrition, stable treatment efficiency (H ? S removal rate>95%), such as the Biothane technology from BASF in Germany.

2. 液體 / 固體燃料生物脫硫

2. Biological desulfurization of liquid/solid fuels

煤炭生物脫硫：

Coal biological desulfurization:

漿液反應(yīng)器：將煤粉碎后與微生物懸液混合，通過(guò)攪拌或曝氣促進(jìn)反應(yīng)，去除煤中有機(jī)硫（如噻吩類(lèi)）和無(wú)機(jī)硫（如黃鐵礦 FeS?）。

Slurry reactor: Coal is crushed and mixed with microbial suspension, and the reaction is promoted by stirring or aeration to remove organic sulfur (such as thiophene) and inorganic sulfur (such as pyrite FeS ?) from coal.

兩相分配反應(yīng)器：利用油 - 水兩相體系，提高疏水性有機(jī)硫（如 DBT）的傳質(zhì)效率，例如加拿大 PetroCanada 開(kāi)發(fā)的工藝可降低柴油硫含量至 10ppm 以下。

Two phase distribution reactor: Utilizing an oil-water two-phase system to improve the mass transfer efficiency of hydrophobic organic sulfur (such as DBT), for example, the process developed by PetroCanada in Canada can reduce the sulfur content of diesel fuel to below 10ppm.

石油生物脫硫：

Petroleum biological desulfurization:

固定化細(xì)胞技術(shù)：將微生物固定在多孔載體（如海藻酸鈣）上，重復(fù)利用并減少菌種流失，適用于連續(xù)化煉油脫硫。

Fixed cell technology: immobilizing microorganisms on porous carriers (such as calcium alginate), reusing and reducing bacterial loss, suitable for continuous refining and desulfurization.

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